<h3 id="back-link"><a href="/">$\leftarrow$Back</a></h3>

    <h3> Statement </h3>

    <p>
      $5.9.10^*$
      Find the efficience of cycles shown in following figures, if as power agent it is taken a monoatomic ideal gas.
    </p>
  <center>
    <figure>
      <img src="statement.png"
        loading="lazy" alt="5.9.10" width="350" />
      <figcaption>
        For problem 5.9.10
      </figcaption>
    </figure>
  </center>

    <h3>Solution</h3>
    <p>
      a) Let enumerate the states from 1 to 4 in clockwise sense starting in the coordinate $(P_1,V_1)$. The efficience is defined as
      $$\eta = 1-\frac{|Q_c|}{Q_h}=1-\frac{|Q_{34}|}{Q_{12}} \\;(1)$$
      where $Q_{34}$ is the heat released by gas (cold reservoir) and $Q_{12}$ is the heat absorbed by gas (hot reservoir), while $Q_{23}$ and $Q_{41}$ are zero (adiabatic processes). Since $3-4$ is an isochoric process,
      $$Q_{34}=\Delta U_{34} = nC_v\left(T_4-T_3\right) \\;(2)$$
      From Poisson Law
      $$P_1V_1^\gamma = P_4V_2^\gamma$$
      and the state 4 is characterized by
      $$P_4V_2=nRT_4$$
      So, separating $P_4$ and putting it into above Poisson law
      $$T_4 = \frac{P_1V_1^\gamma}{nRV_2^{\gamma-1}} \\;(3)$$
      Proceeding similarly, $T_3$ can be found. Applying Poisson Law for process $2-3$,
      $$P_2V_1^\gamma=P_3V_2^\gamma$$
      State equation for state 3 is
      $$P_3V_2=nRT_3$$
      Separating $P_3$ and substituting into respective Poisson Law
      $$T_3 = \frac{P_2V_1^\gamma}{nRV_2^{\gamma-1}} \\;(4)$$
      Substituting $(3)$ and $(4)$ into $(2)$, and as $C_v=iR/2$
      $$Q_{34} = \frac{i}{2}\frac{V_1^\gamma}{V_2^{\gamma-1}}\left(P_1-P_2\right) \\;(5)$$
      For the process $1-2$
      $$Q_{12}=\Delta U_{12} = nC_v\left(T_2-T_1\right)$$
      Taking account the state equations for states 1 and 2, temperatures can be found,
      $$Q_{12}=nC_v\left(\frac{P_2V_1}{nR}-\frac{P_1V_1}{nR}\right)$$
      $$Q_{12}=\frac{i}{2}V_1\left(P_2-P_1\right) \\;(6)$$
      Putting $(5)$ and $(6)$ into $(1)$
      $$\eta = 1-\left(\frac{V_1}{V_2}\right)^{\gamma-1}$$
      Since $\gamma=C_p/C_v=1+2/i$ and $i=3$ (monoatomic gas),
      $$\boxed{\eta = 1-\left(\frac{V_1}{V_2}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}}}$$
      b) Let enumerate again the states following a clockwise way, this time starting in coordinate $(P_1,T_1)$. The efficience is
      $$\eta = 1-\frac{|Q_c|}{Q_h} \\;(I)$$
      For identifying correctly the reservoirs, let's see the following graph corresponding to the cycle in a $P$ vs $V$ plot.
    </p>
    <center>
      <figure>
        <img src="PVb.png"
          loading="lazy" alt="5.9.10" width="300" />
        <figcaption>
          $P$ vs $V$ plot
        </figcaption>
      </figure>
    </center>
    <p>
      The hot reservoir is defined as
      $$Q_h = Q_{23} + Q_{34} \\;(II)$$
      and cold one
      $$Q_c = Q_{12} + Q_{41} \\;(III)$$
      Process $2-3$ is isobaric, then
      $$Q_{23}=nC_p\left(T_2-T_1\right) \\;(IV)$$
      Process $3-4$ is isothermal, so
      $$Q_{34} = A_{34} = nRT_2\ln{\frac{V_4}{V_3}}$$
      Since $V=nRT/P$ according state equation
      $$Q_{34} = nRT_2\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}} \\;(V)$$
      Substituting $(IV)$ and $(V)$ into $(II)$and taking account that $C_p=(i+2)R/2$
      $$Q_h = \frac{i+2}{2}nR\left(T_2-T_1\right)+nRT_2\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}} \\;(VI)$$
      Process $1-2$ is isothermal, so
      $$Q_{12}=A_{12}=nRT_1\ln{\frac{V_2}{V_1}}$$
      and newly, taking account state equation
      $$Q_{12}=A_{12}=nRT_1\ln{\frac{P_1}{P_2} \\;(VII)}$$
      Finally, process $4-1$ is isobaric
      $$Q_{14} = nC_p\left(T_1-T_2\right) \\;(VIII)$$
      Substituting $(VII)$ and $(VIII)$ into $(III)$
      $$Q_c = nRT_1\ln{\frac{P_1}{P_2}}+\frac{i+2}{2}nR\left(T_1-T_2\right) \\;(IX)$$
      Substituting $(VI)$ and $(IX)$ into $(I)$ and developing algebraically
      $$\eta = \frac{2\left(T_2-T_1\right)\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}}}{(i+2)\left(T_2-T_1\right)+2T_2\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}}}$$
      Since gas is monoatomic, $i = 3$, hence
      $$\boxed{\eta = \frac{2\left(T_2-T_1\right)\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}}}{5\left(T_2-T_1\right)+2T_2\ln{\frac{P_2}{P_1}}}}$$
    </p>

    <p style="text-align: right; font-style: italic; font-size: 14;">   
      BSc. Luis Daniel Fernández Quintana<br>
      Physics Department (FCNE)<br>
      Universidad de Oriente, Cuba<br>
    </p>



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