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en/14.4.9.md
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| + | ### Statement | ||
| + | |||
| + | $14.4.9.$ [Insert the problem statement] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ### Solution | ||
| + | |||
| + | The force on the proton (charge e, rest mass m) is | ||
| + | $ \mathbf{F} = e\mathbf{E}$ | ||
| + | The acceleration \mathbf{a} in special relativity is obtained from | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} = \mathbf{F}, \qquad \mathbf{p} = \gamma m \mathbf{v}, \quad \gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Then we differentiate and arrive at the expression | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\mathbf{a} = \frac{\mathbf{F} - \mathbf{v}\,(\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v})/c^2}{\gamma m}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Motion perpendicular to the field | ||
| + | |||
| + | If | ||
| + | $ \mathbf{v} \perp \mathbf{E}$ | ||
| + | the dot product $\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = 0$. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Then: | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\mathbf{a}_\perp = \frac{\mathbf{F}}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}}{\gamma m}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | The magnitude is | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\boxed{a_\perp = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Motion parallel to the field | ||
| + | |||
| + | If | ||
| + | $\mathbf{v} \parallel \mathbf{E}$ | ||
| + | we have | ||
| + | $ \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = eEv$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Substituting | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\mathbf{a}_\parallel = \frac{e\mathbf{E} - \mathbf{v}(eEv)/c^2}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}(1 - v^2/c^2)}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}}{\gamma m}(1-\beta^2)$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Since | ||
| + | $1-\beta^2 = 1/\gamma^2$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\boxed{a_\parallel = \frac{eE}{\gamma^3 m}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Now apply a Comparison: | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\frac{a_\perp}{a_\parallel} = \frac{eE/(\gamma m)}{eE/(\gamma^3 m)} = \gamma^2 = \frac{1}{1-\beta^2}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\boxed{\frac{a_\perp}{a_\parallel} = \frac{1}{1-\beta^2}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Motion at an angle$ \alpha (\mathbf{v} forms \alpha with \mathbf{E})$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | We choose | ||
| + | $\mathbf{E} = E\,\hat{\mathbf{x}} $ | ||
| + | and $\mathbf{v} = v(\cos\alpha\,\hat{\mathbf{x}} + \sin\alpha\,\hat{\mathbf{y}}). | ||
| + | \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = eE v \cos\alpha.$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Components of the acceleration | ||
| + | |||
| + | $a_x = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}(1 - \beta^2\cos^2\alpha), \quad | ||
| + | a_y = -\frac{eE}{\gamma m}\,\beta^2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Magnitude | ||
| + | |||
| + | $a_\alpha = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}\sqrt{(1-\beta^2\cos^2\alpha)^2 + \beta^4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\alpha}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Simplifying the radicand: | ||
| + | |||
| + | $(1-\beta^2 x)^2 + \beta^4(1-x)x = 1 - 2\beta^2 x + \beta^4 x, \quad x = \cos^2\alpha$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | It can be verified that this expression is equivalent to | ||
| + | |||
| + | $a_\alpha = \frac{eE}{\gamma m} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sin^2\alpha + \dfrac{\cos^2\alpha}{(1-\beta^2)^2}}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | This is verified by evaluating the limiting cases$ \alpha = 0$ and $\alpha = 90^\circ $ and the equality can be proven algebraically. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Therefore, the comparison with the perpendicular case is | ||
| + | |||
| + | $\boxed{\frac{a_\perp}{a_\alpha} = \sqrt{\sin^2\alpha + \frac{\cos^2\alpha}{(1-\beta^2)^2}}}$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | #### Answer | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | ||
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| ### Statement | |||
| $14.4.9.$ [Insert the problem statement] | |||
| ### Solution | |||
| The force on the proton (charge e, rest mass m) is | |||
| $ \mathbf{F} = e\mathbf{E}$ | |||
| The acceleration \mathbf{a} in special relativity is obtained from | |||
| $\frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} = \mathbf{F}, \qquad \mathbf{p} = \gamma m \mathbf{v}, \quad \gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}$ | |||
| Then we differentiate and arrive at the expression | |||
| $\mathbf{a} = \frac{\mathbf{F} - \mathbf{v}\,(\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v})/c^2}{\gamma m}$ | |||
| Motion perpendicular to the field | |||
| If | |||
| $ \mathbf{v} \perp \mathbf{E}$ | |||
| the dot product $\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = 0$. | |||
| Then: | |||
| $\mathbf{a}_\perp = \frac{\mathbf{F}}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}}{\gamma m}$ | |||
| The magnitude is | |||
| $\boxed{a_\perp = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}}$ | |||
| Motion parallel to the field | |||
| If | |||
| $\mathbf{v} \parallel \mathbf{E}$ | |||
| we have | |||
| $ \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = eEv$ | |||
| Substituting | |||
| $\mathbf{a}_\parallel = \frac{e\mathbf{E} - \mathbf{v}(eEv)/c^2}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}(1 - v^2/c^2)}{\gamma m} = \frac{e\mathbf{E}}{\gamma m}(1-\beta^2)$ | |||
| Since | |||
| $1-\beta^2 = 1/\gamma^2$ | |||
| $\boxed{a_\parallel = \frac{eE}{\gamma^3 m}}$ | |||
| Now apply a Comparison: | |||
| $\frac{a_\perp}{a_\parallel} = \frac{eE/(\gamma m)}{eE/(\gamma^3 m)} = \gamma^2 = \frac{1}{1-\beta^2}$ | |||
| $\boxed{\frac{a_\perp}{a_\parallel} = \frac{1}{1-\beta^2}}$ | |||
| Motion at an angle$ \alpha (\mathbf{v} forms \alpha with \mathbf{E})$ | |||
| We choose | |||
| $\mathbf{E} = E\,\hat{\mathbf{x}} $ | |||
| and $\mathbf{v} = v(\cos\alpha\,\hat{\mathbf{x}} + \sin\alpha\,\hat{\mathbf{y}}). | |||
| \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v} = eE v \cos\alpha.$ | |||
| Components of the acceleration | |||
| $a_x = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}(1 - \beta^2\cos^2\alpha), \quad | |||
| a_y = -\frac{eE}{\gamma m}\,\beta^2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha$ | |||
| Magnitude | |||
| $a_\alpha = \frac{eE}{\gamma m}\sqrt{(1-\beta^2\cos^2\alpha)^2 + \beta^4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\alpha}$ | |||
| Simplifying the radicand: | |||
| $(1-\beta^2 x)^2 + \beta^4(1-x)x = 1 - 2\beta^2 x + \beta^4 x, \quad x = \cos^2\alpha$ | |||
| It can be verified that this expression is equivalent to | |||
| $a_\alpha = \frac{eE}{\gamma m} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sin^2\alpha + \dfrac{\cos^2\alpha}{(1-\beta^2)^2}}}$ | |||
| This is verified by evaluating the limiting cases$ \alpha = 0$ and $\alpha = 90^\circ $ and the equality can be proven algebraically. | |||
| Therefore, the comparison with the perpendicular case is | |||
| $\boxed{\frac{a_\perp}{a_\alpha} = \sqrt{\sin^2\alpha + \frac{\cos^2\alpha}{(1-\beta^2)^2}}}$ | |||
| #### Answer | |||
| [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | |||