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| ### Statement |
| ### Statement |
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| $13.2.2.$ [Insert the problem statement] |
| $13.2.2.$ a) The apparent depth of a reservoir, when looking vertically downward, is $3$ m. What is its true depth? |
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| b) An airplane flies over a submarine submerged at a small depth, at an altitude of $3$ km. What will the altitude of the airplane appear to be when observed from the submarine? |
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| ### Solution |
| ### Solution |
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| a) Consider two rays: one goes vertically upward from a point on the bottom, A, so it does not refract and intersects the water surface at point O; the other goes at a small angle β to the vertical, intersects the water surface at point E, and emerges at an angle α. |
| a) Consider two rays: one goes vertically upward from a point on the bottom $A$, so it does not refract and intersects the water surface at point $O$; the other goes at a small angle $\beta$ to the vertical, intersects the water surface at point $E$, and emerges at an angle $\alpha$. |
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| The apparent bottom will be at the intersection of the vertical line and the emerging ray. |
| The apparent bottom will be at the intersection of the vertical line and the emerging ray. |
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| From Snell's law, using sin(x) ≈ tan(x) ≈ x: |
| From Snell's law, using $\sin(x) \approx \tan(x) \approx x$: |
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| α = n β |
| $$\alpha = n \beta$$ |
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| Express the segment EO in two triangles: |
| Express the segment $EO$ in two triangles: |
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| EO = h' α = h β |
| $$EO = h' \alpha = h \beta$$ |
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| h = n h' = 4 m |
| $$h = n h' = 4 \text{ m}$$ |
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| b) The solution is analogous to part (a), except here the extension of the refracted ray will go beyond the true bottom, so the apparent depth will be greater: |
| b) The solution is analogous to part (a), except here the extension of the refracted ray will go beyond the true bottom, and the apparent depth will be greater: |
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| h' = h n = 4 km |
| $$h' = h n = 4 \text{ km}$$ |
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| #### Answer |
| #### Answer |
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| [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] |
| a) $$h = n h' = 4 \text{ m}$$ |
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| b) $$h' = h n = 4 \text{ km}$$ |