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en/12.1.8.md
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| + | ### Statement | ||
| + | |||
| + | $12.1.8.$ [Insert the problem statement] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ### Solution | ||
| + | |||
| + | ### Statement | ||
| + | |||
| + | $12.1.8.$ Using the law of electromagnetic induction and the connection of an alternating electric field with a magnetic field (see problem 11.6.1), prove that the wave propagation speed in a medium with permittivity $\varepsilon$ and permeability $\mu$ is equal to $c/\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}$. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ### Solution | ||
| + | |||
| + | Let's write down Maxwell's equations for a homogeneous medium without free charges and currents: | ||
| + | $$\text{div} \vec{E} = 0$$ | ||
| + | $$\text{div} \vec{B} = 0$$ | ||
| + | $$\text{rot} \vec{E} = -\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$$ | ||
| + | $$\text{rot} \vec{B} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Let a plane electromagnetic wave propagate along the $z$-axis. We direct the vector $\vec{E}$ along the $x$-axis ($E_x$) and the vector $\vec{B}$ along the $y$-axis ($B_y$). Then, in projections, the curl equations will take the form: | ||
| + | $$\frac{\partial E_x}{\partial z} = -\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial t} \quad (1)$$ | ||
| + | $$-\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \implies \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} = -\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \quad (2)$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Let's differentiate equation (1) with respect to the coordinate $z$: | ||
| + | $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial t} \right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} \right)$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Substitute equation (2) into this expression: | ||
| + | $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( -\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \right) = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial t^2}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | We have obtained the classical wave equation, which in its general form is written as: | ||
| + | $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = \frac{1}{v^2} \frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial t^2}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comparing the coefficients, we find the wave propagation speed $v$: | ||
| + | $$\frac{1}{v^2} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \implies v = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0}}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Given that the speed of light in a vacuum is $c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0\varepsilon_0}}$, we obtain the required relationship: | ||
| + | $$v = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | #### Answer | ||
| + | $$v = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}$$ | ||
| + | |||
| + | #### Answer | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | ||
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| ### Statement | |||
| $12.1.8.$ [Insert the problem statement] | |||
| ### Solution | |||
| ### Statement | |||
| $12.1.8.$ Using the law of electromagnetic induction and the connection of an alternating electric field with a magnetic field (see problem 11.6.1), prove that the wave propagation speed in a medium with permittivity $\varepsilon$ and permeability $\mu$ is equal to $c/\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}$. | |||
| ### Solution | |||
| Let's write down Maxwell's equations for a homogeneous medium without free charges and currents: | |||
| $$\text{div} \vec{E} = 0$$ | |||
| $$\text{div} \vec{B} = 0$$ | |||
| $$\text{rot} \vec{E} = -\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$$ | |||
| $$\text{rot} \vec{B} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t}$$ | |||
| Let a plane electromagnetic wave propagate along the $z$-axis. We direct the vector $\vec{E}$ along the $x$-axis ($E_x$) and the vector $\vec{B}$ along the $y$-axis ($B_y$). Then, in projections, the curl equations will take the form: | |||
| $$\frac{\partial E_x}{\partial z} = -\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial t} \quad (1)$$ | |||
| $$-\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \implies \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} = -\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \quad (2)$$ | |||
| Let's differentiate equation (1) with respect to the coordinate $z$: | |||
| $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \left( \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial t} \right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z} \right)$$ | |||
| Substitute equation (2) into this expression: | |||
| $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( -\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E_x}{\partial t} \right) = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial t^2}$$ | |||
| We have obtained the classical wave equation, which in its general form is written as: | |||
| $$\frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial z^2} = \frac{1}{v^2} \frac{\partial^2 E_x}{\partial t^2}$$ | |||
| Comparing the coefficients, we find the wave propagation speed $v$: | |||
| $$\frac{1}{v^2} = \mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0 \implies v = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu\mu_0\varepsilon\varepsilon_0}}$$ | |||
| Given that the speed of light in a vacuum is $c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0\varepsilon_0}}$, we obtain the required relationship: | |||
| $$v = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}$$ | |||
| #### Answer | |||
| $$v = \frac{c}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}$$ | |||
| #### Answer | |||
| [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | |||