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en/3.6.24.md
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| + | ### Statement | ||
| + | |||
| + | $3.6.24.$ [Insert the problem statement] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ### Solution | ||
| + | |||
| + | Condition: | ||
| + | |||
| + | The compressibility of mercury, water, and air is equal to $3 \cdot 10^{-5}$, $5 \cdot 10^{-5}$, and $0.71\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1}$, respectively, and their density is $13.6 \cdot 10^3$, $1 \cdot 10^3$, and $1.2\,\mathrm{kg/m}^3$, respectively. | ||
| + | Determine the speed of sound in these media. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | Given: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}=3\cdot10^{-5}\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\mathrm{Hg}}=13.6\cdot10^3\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=5\cdot10^{-5}\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=1.0\cdot10^3\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\text{air}}=0.71\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\text{air}}=1.2\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Main formula: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta\rho}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | where $\beta$ is the compressibility of the medium, and $\rho$ is the density of the medium. | ||
| + | |||
| + | We convert the compressibility from $\mathrm{atm}^{-1}$ to $\mathrm{Pa}^{-1}$: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | 1\,\mathrm{atm}=101325\,\mathrm{Pa} \implies 1\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1}=\frac{1}{101325}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. Mercury | ||
| + | |||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\frac{3\cdot10^{-5}}{101325} \approx 2.96\cdot10^{-10}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We use the formula: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}\rho_{\mathrm{Hg}}}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Substituting the values: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(2.96\cdot10^{-10})(13.6\cdot10^3)}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We calculate the denominator: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | (2.96\cdot10^{-10})(13.6\cdot10^3) \approx 4.0256\cdot10^{-6} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Therefore: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{4.0256\cdot10^{-6}}} \approx 498\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Answer for mercury: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{Hg}}\approx 500\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$) | ||
| + | |||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\frac{5\cdot10^{-5}}{101325} \approx 4.93\cdot10^{-10}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We use the formula: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\rho_{\mathrm{H_2O}}}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Substituting the values: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(4.93\cdot10^{-10})(1.0\cdot10^3)}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We calculate the denominator: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | (4.93\cdot10^{-10})(1.0\cdot10^3) = 4.93\cdot10^{-7} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Therefore: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{4.93\cdot10^{-7}}} \approx 1424\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Answer for water: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\approx 1420\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. Air | ||
| + | |||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | \beta_{\text{air}}=\frac{0.71}{101325} \approx 7.01\cdot10^{-6}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We use the formula: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\text{air}}\rho_{\text{air}}}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Substituting the values: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(7.01\cdot10^{-6})(1.2)}} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | We calculate the denominator: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | (7.01\cdot10^{-6})(1.2) = 8.412\cdot10^{-6} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Therefore: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{8.412\cdot10^{-6}}} \approx 345\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Answer for air: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\text{air}}\approx 345\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Answer: | ||
| + | \[ | ||
| + | v_{\mathrm{Hg}}\approx500\,\mathrm{m/s},\qquad v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\approx1420\,\mathrm{m/s},\qquad v_{\text{air}}\approx345\,\mathrm{m/s} | ||
| + | \] | ||
| + | |||
| + | #### Answer | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | ||
| @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ | |||
| ### Statement | |||
| $3.6.24.$ [Insert the problem statement] | |||
| ### Solution | |||
| Condition: | |||
| The compressibility of mercury, water, and air is equal to $3 \cdot 10^{-5}$, $5 \cdot 10^{-5}$, and $0.71\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1}$, respectively, and their density is $13.6 \cdot 10^3$, $1 \cdot 10^3$, and $1.2\,\mathrm{kg/m}^3$, respectively. | |||
| Determine the speed of sound in these media. | |||
| Given: | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}=3\cdot10^{-5}\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\mathrm{Hg}}=13.6\cdot10^3\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | |||
| \] | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=5\cdot10^{-5}\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=1.0\cdot10^3\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | |||
| \] | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\text{air}}=0.71\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1},\qquad \rho_{\text{air}}=1.2\,\mathrm{kg/m^3} | |||
| \] | |||
| Main formula: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta\rho}} | |||
| \] | |||
| where $\beta$ is the compressibility of the medium, and $\rho$ is the density of the medium. | |||
| We convert the compressibility from $\mathrm{atm}^{-1}$ to $\mathrm{Pa}^{-1}$: | |||
| \[ | |||
| 1\,\mathrm{atm}=101325\,\mathrm{Pa} \implies 1\,\mathrm{atm}^{-1}=\frac{1}{101325}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | |||
| \] | |||
| 1. Mercury | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\frac{3\cdot10^{-5}}{101325} \approx 2.96\cdot10^{-10}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | |||
| \] | |||
| We use the formula: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\mathrm{Hg}}\rho_{\mathrm{Hg}}}} | |||
| \] | |||
| Substituting the values: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(2.96\cdot10^{-10})(13.6\cdot10^3)}} | |||
| \] | |||
| We calculate the denominator: | |||
| \[ | |||
| (2.96\cdot10^{-10})(13.6\cdot10^3) \approx 4.0256\cdot10^{-6} | |||
| \] | |||
| Therefore: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{Hg}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{4.0256\cdot10^{-6}}} \approx 498\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| Answer for mercury: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{Hg}}\approx 500\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| 2. Water ($\mathrm{H_2O}$) | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\frac{5\cdot10^{-5}}{101325} \approx 4.93\cdot10^{-10}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | |||
| \] | |||
| We use the formula: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\rho_{\mathrm{H_2O}}}} | |||
| \] | |||
| Substituting the values: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(4.93\cdot10^{-10})(1.0\cdot10^3)}} | |||
| \] | |||
| We calculate the denominator: | |||
| \[ | |||
| (4.93\cdot10^{-10})(1.0\cdot10^3) = 4.93\cdot10^{-7} | |||
| \] | |||
| Therefore: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{4.93\cdot10^{-7}}} \approx 1424\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| Answer for water: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\approx 1420\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| 3. Air | |||
| \[ | |||
| \beta_{\text{air}}=\frac{0.71}{101325} \approx 7.01\cdot10^{-6}\,\mathrm{Pa}^{-1} | |||
| \] | |||
| We use the formula: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\beta_{\text{air}}\rho_{\text{air}}}} | |||
| \] | |||
| Substituting the values: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{(7.01\cdot10^{-6})(1.2)}} | |||
| \] | |||
| We calculate the denominator: | |||
| \[ | |||
| (7.01\cdot10^{-6})(1.2) = 8.412\cdot10^{-6} | |||
| \] | |||
| Therefore: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\text{air}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{8.412\cdot10^{-6}}} \approx 345\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| Answer for air: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\text{air}}\approx 345\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| Answer: | |||
| \[ | |||
| v_{\mathrm{Hg}}\approx500\,\mathrm{m/s},\qquad v_{\mathrm{H_2O}}\approx1420\,\mathrm{m/s},\qquad v_{\text{air}}\approx345\,\mathrm{m/s} | |||
| \] | |||
| #### Answer | |||
| [Insert a concise answer or boxed result] | |||