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| $2.1.67.$ [Insert the problem statement] |
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| $2.1.67^\ast$. At what minimum angular velocity should a horizontally located cylinder rotate around its axis so that small particles inside the cylinder do not slide off its inner surface? The coefficient of friction between the cylinder surface and the particles is $1$, and the inner radius of the cylinder is $R$. |
| $2.1.67^\ast$. At what minimum angular velocity should a horizontally located cylinder rotate around its axis so that small particles inside the cylinder do not slide off its inner surface? The coefficient of friction between the cylinder surface and the particles is $1$, and the inner radius of the cylinder is $R$. |
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| ### Solution |
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| Let's consider a particle on the inner wall of the rotating cylinder at an angle $\alpha$ to the horizontal plane. |
| Let's consider a particle on the inner wall of the rotating cylinder at an angle $\alpha$ to the horizontal plane. |
| According to Newton's second law for the radial direction, the centripetal acceleration is provided by the normal reaction force $N$ and the radial component of gravity: | | According to Newton's second law for the radial direction, the centripetal acceleration is provided by the normal reaction force $N$ and the radial component of gravity: |
| $$m \omega^2 R = N + mg \sin\alpha \implies N = m(\omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha)$$ | | $$m \omega^2 R = N + mg \sin\alpha \implies N = m(\omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha)$$ |
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| For the particle not to slide down along the inner wall, the required static friction force must balance the tangential component of gravity ($mg \cos\alpha$). | | For the particle not to slide down along the inner wall, the required static friction force must balance the tangential component of gravity ($mg \cos\alpha$). |
| To prevent sliding, this required friction force must not exceed the maximum possible static friction force ($\mu N$): | | To prevent sliding, this required friction force must not exceed the maximum possible static friction force ($\mu N$): |
| $$mg \cos\alpha \le \mu N$$ | | $$mg \cos\alpha \le \mu N$$ |
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| Substitute the expression for the normal force $N$: | | Substitute the expression for the normal force $N$: |
| $$mg \cos\alpha \le \mu m(\omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha)$$ | | $$mg \cos\alpha \le \mu m(\omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha)$$ |
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| According to the problem statement, the coefficient of friction is $\mu = 1$. The mass $m$ cancels out: | | According to the problem statement, the coefficient of friction is $\mu = 1$. The mass $m$ cancels out: |
| $$g \cos\alpha \le \omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha$$ | | $$g \cos\alpha \le \omega^2 R - g \sin\alpha$$ |
| $$\omega^2 R \ge g(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$$ | | $$\omega^2 R \ge g(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$$ |
| $$\omega^2 \ge \frac{g}{R}(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$$ | | $$\omega^2 \ge \frac{g}{R}(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$$ |
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| To ensure the particles do not slide at <b>any</b> point on the inner surface of the cylinder, this condition must hold true for the maximum possible value of the function $f(\alpha) = \cos\alpha + \sin\alpha$. | | To ensure the particles do not slide at <b>any</b> point on the inner surface of the cylinder, this condition must hold true for the maximum possible value of the function $f(\alpha) = \cos\alpha + \sin\alpha$. |
| Using trigonometric properties, the maximum value of $(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$ is $\sqrt{2}$ (which occurs when $\alpha = 45^\circ$). | | Using trigonometric properties, the maximum value of $(\cos\alpha + \sin\alpha)$ is $\sqrt{2}$ (which occurs when $\alpha = 45^\circ$). |
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| Therefore, the minimum angular velocity required to hold the particles at all points is determined by: | | Therefore, the minimum angular velocity required to hold the particles at all points is determined by: |
| $$\omega^2 \ge \frac{g}{R} \sqrt{2}$$ | | $$\omega^2 \ge \frac{g}{R} \sqrt{2}$$ |
| $$\omega_{\text{min}} = \sqrt{\frac{g\sqrt{2}}{R}}$$ | | $$\omega_{\text{min}} = \sqrt{\frac{g\sqrt{2}}{R}}$$ |
